Análisis de la coordinación motora por Índice de Masa Corporal y sexo en escolares de Chile

La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre la Coordinación Motora (CM) con el Índice de Masa Corporal en escolares chilenos de entre 7 y 9 años. El estudio fue observacional de corte transversal, con características descriptivas y correlacionales. Se evaluaron a 180 escolares (90 mujeres de 8.4 ± 0.9 años y 90 hombres de 8.5± 0.9 años). Se midieron variables antropométricas de peso y talla. Se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). La coordinación motora (CM) se evaluó utilizando la batería de Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK). Los resultados mostraron que en las mujeres el grupo Normopeso tenía un mejor desempeño en la transposición lateral que los grupos Sobrepeso y Obesidad (p˂0.05). En los hombres, el grupo Normopeso superó al grupo Obesidad en los saltos monopedales (p˂0.05). Además, al analizar las diferencias entre sexos, se determinó que las mujeres registraron mayor puntaje que los hombres en el equilibrio a la retaguardia (p<0.05), por su parte, los hombres registraron mejores rendimientos en saltos laterales, transposición lateral y el puntaje total del KTK (p<0.05). Se concluye que existe menor índice de CM en los escolares con elevado IMC, y que existen diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en el equilibrio, saltos laterales, transposición lateral y el puntaje total del test KTK.

The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between motor coordination (CM) and Body Mass Index in Chilean schoolchildren between 7 and 9 years of age. The study was observational cross-sectional, correlational and descriptive study. 180 students of both sexes were evaluated (90 women aged 8.4 ± 0.9 years and 90 men aged 8.5 ± 0.9 years). Anthropometric weight and height variables were measured and the Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. The CM was evaluated using the battery of Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK). The results showed that in the lateral transposition, the normal weight group outperforms the overweight and Obesity group (p˂0.05) for women. For men, in monopedal jumps, the normal weight group also outperformed the obesity group (p˂0.05). In addition, when analyzing the differences between the sexes, it was noted that women had a higher score than men in the rear balance (p˂0.05). On the other hand, men had performed better in lateral jumps, lateral transposition and the total KTK score (p˂0.05). In conclusion, the study found that there was a lower CM index in schoolchildren with a high BMI, and that there were significant differences between men and women in terms of balance, lateral jumps, lateral transposition, and the total score of the KTK test.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre a coordenação motora (CM) com o Índice de Massa Corporal corporal em escolares chilenos entre 7 e 9 anos de idade. O estudo foi observacional transversal, com características descritivas e correlacionais. Foram avaliados 180 escolares de ambos os sexos (90 mulheres com idade de 8,4 ± 0,9 anos e 90 homens com idade de 8,5 ± 0,9 anos). Variáveis antropométricas de peso e altura foram medidas. O Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado. Além disso, a coordenação motora (MC) foi avaliada por meio da bateria Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK). Os resultados mostraram que, para mulheres em transposição lateral, o grupo Peso Normal supera o grupo Sobrepeso e Obeso (p˂0,05). Para os homens, nos saltos monopedais o grupo Peso Normal supera o grupo Obesidade (p˂0,05). Além disso, ao analisar as diferenças entre os sexos, percebe-se que as mulheres apresentam pontuação maiores que os homens no equilíbrio de retaguarda (p<0,05), enquanto os homens apresentam melhor desempenho nos saltos laterais, transposição lateral e pontuação total KTK (p< 0,05). Conclui-se que há menor índice de CM em alunos com IMC elevado, e que existem diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres para equilíbrio, saltos laterais, transposição lateral e pontuação total do teste KTK.

Body adiposity markers and insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes

ABSTRACT Objectives: Body composition changes are associated with adverse effects such as increased insulin resistance (IR) in individuals with diabetes mellitus. This study aims to evaluate the association between different body adiposity markers and IR in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Subjects and methods: The cross-sectional study included outpatient adults with T1D from a university public hospital in southern Brazil. The body adiposity markers studied were waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHtR), body mass index (BMI), conicity index (CI), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and body adiposity index (BAI). IR was calculated using an Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate (EGDR) equation (analyzed in tertiles), considering an inverse relation between EGDR and IR. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CIs of association of adiposity markers with IR. Results: A total of 128 patients were enrolled (51% women), with a median EGDR of 7.2 (4.4-8.7) mg.kg−1.min−1. EGDR was negatively correlated with WC (r = −0.36, p < 0.01), WHtR (r = −0.39, p < 0.01), CI (r = −0.44, p < 0.01), LAP (r = −0.41, p < 0.01) and BMI (r = −0.24, p < 0.01). After regression analyses, WC (OR = 2.07; CIs: 1.12-3.337; p = 0.003), WHtR (OR = 2.77; CIs: 1.59-4.79; p < 0.001), CI (OR = 2.59; CIs: 1.43-4.66; p = 0.002), LAP (OR = 2.27; CIs: 1.25-4.11; p = 0.007) and BMI (OR = 1.78; CIs: 1.09-2.91; p = 0.019) remained associated with IR. Conclusions: The authors suggest using the studied adiposity markers as a routine since they were shown to be suitable parameters in association with IR.

Metabolic syndrome and Visceral Adiposity Index in non-functional adrenal adenomas

ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to identify metabolic dysfunction in non-functioning adrenal adenomas (NFAAs) and Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) predictability in the practical estimation of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in NFAAs. Subjects and methods: 134 NFAA patients and 68 control subjects matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were included in the study. After physical, biochemical, and endocrine evaluation, IDF and NCEP ATP III criteria were used to determine MetS. HOMA-IR and VAI were calculated for both study group subjects. Results: MetS was significantly higher in the NFAA patients. The incidence of MetS by IDF and NCEP criteria was 52.9%,48.5% in the NFAI and 32.3%,30.8% in the control group (p < 0.01, p = 0.02). The risk of MetS was increased in NFAA (75.6 vs. 24.4%, p = 0.017, OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.06-1.68). Glucose, HOMA IR, hypertension, and VAI were significantly increased in NFAA patients. The risk of MetS was independently associated with high VAI (79.2 vs. 20.8%, p = 0.001, OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.70-2.91). Conclusion: MetS, insulin resistance, and VAI are more prevalant in NFAA patients than in healthy individuals. VAI can be used with high specificity to estimate MetS in NFAA patients.

Adiposidad y perfil lipídico en mujeres posmenopáusicas venezolanas / Adiposity and lipid profile in venezuelan postmenopausal women / Adiposidade e perfil lipídico em mulheres pós-menopáusicas venezuelanas

Resumen Durante la menopausia se producen cambios metabólicos que favorecen la ganancia de peso y la obesidad abdominal, lo cual facilita el desarrollo de dislipidemias y aumenta el riesgo cardiovascular. El propósito del estudio fue comparar el perfil lipídico y los índices de riesgo cardiometabólico (IRCM) entre mujeres posmenopáusicas del Municipio Naguanagua, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela, clasificadas de acuerdo con su grado de adiposidad. El estudio fue de corte transversal, descriptivo, en el cual participaron 205 mujeres con una mediana de edad de 56 años. Se evaluaron indicadores de adiposidad: índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), circunferencia de cintura (CC), e índice cintura/talla (ICT); así como el perfil lipídico y los IRCM. Se encontraron altos porcentajes de exceso de peso (80%), exceso de grasa corporal (92%), obesidad abdominal (61%) y riesgo metabólico de acuerdo con el ICT (69%). Las mujeres con obesidad mostraron los valores más bajos de cHDL, y aquellas con grasa muy alta, obesidad abdominal y riesgo metabólico de acuerdo con el ICT, los valores más elevados del índice TG/HDL. Se recomiendan otros estudios en este grupo poblacional para comprender mejor la asociación encontrada entre el grado de adiposidad y las alteraciones en el metabolismo de los lípidos con el fin de tomar acciones preventivas en estos trastornos relacionados con el síndrome metabólico.

Abstract During menopause, metabolic changes occur that promote weight gain and abdominal obesity, facilitating the development of dyslipidemias and increasing cardiovascular risk. The purpose of the study was to compare the lipid profile and the cardiometabolic risk indexes (IRCM) among postmenopausal women from the Naguanagua Municipality, Carabobo State, Venezuela, classified according to their degree of adiposity. It was a cross-sectional, descriptive study in which 205 women with a median age of 56 years participated. Adiposity indicators were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (PBF), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR); as well as the lipid profile and the IRCM. High percentages of excess weight (80%), excess body fat (92%), abdominal obesity (61%) and metabolic risk according to the WHtR (69%) were found. Women with obesity showed the lowest values of HDL-C, and those with very high fat, abdominal obesity, and metabolic risk according to the WHtR, the highest values of the TG/HDL index. Other studies are recommended on this population group to better understand the association found between the degree of adiposity and alterations in lipid metabolism to take preventive actions in these disorders related to the metabolic syndrome.

Resumo Durante a menopausa ocorrem alterações metabólicas que favorecem o ganho de peso e a obesidade abdominal, facilitando o desenvolvimento de dislipidemias e aumentando o risco cardiovascular. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o perfil lipídico e os índices de risco cardiometabólico (IRCM) entre mulheres na pós-menopausa do município de Naguanagua, estado de Carabobo, Venezuela, classificadas de acordo com seu grau de adiposidade. O estudo foi transversal, descritivo, do qual participaram 205 mulheres com mediana de idade de 56 anos. Foram avaliados os indicadores de adiposidade: índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura corporal (PGC), circunferência da cintura (CC) e índice cintura/estatura (ICE); bem como o perfil lipídico e o IRCM. Foram encontrados altos percentuais de excesso de peso (80%), excesso de gordura corporal (92%), obesidade abdominal (61%) e risco metabólico segundo o ICE (69%). Mulheres com obesidade apresentaram os menores valores de cHDL, e aquelas com muito alto teor de gordura, obesidade abdominal e risco metabólico segundo o ICE, os maiores valores da relação TG/HDL. Outros estudos neste grupo populacional são recomendados para melhor entender a associação encontrada entre o grau de adiposidade e as alterações no metabolismo lipídico, a fim de tomar ações preventivas nesses distúrbios relacionados com a síndrome metabólica.

Effect of Resistance Training on Body Composition of Adolescents: ABCD Growth Study

Objective: To analyze the relationship between resistance training and body composition in adolescents. Methods: A longitudinal 12-month follow up of 190 adolescents of both sexes categorized into three groups according to resistance training practice, as nonengagement (n=121), irregular engagement (n=44), and frequent engagement (n=25). The outcomes adopted were bone mineral density (BMD), lean soft tissue (LST), and body fatness (BF). Results: Adolescents frequently engaged in resistance training presented higher gains in mean (95%CI) LST [6.1 (3.7 to 8.5) kg vs 2.4 (1.4 to 3.4) kg; P= 0.027] and BMD-upper limbs [0.096 (0.072 to 0.121) g/cm2 vs 0.046 (0.036 to 0.056) g/cm2; P=0.002] than adolescents who were not engaged in resistance training, respectively. Findings were more consistent for boys than girls (models were not significant among girls: LST P= 0.721; BMD-upper limbs P= 0.053). Conclusion: Regular engagement in resistance training was related to higher gains in muscle mass and bone density, especially among boys.

Adiposity Indices as Predictors for Metabolic Syndrome Among Bangladeshi Women: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is described by the clustering of several risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, and high fasting plasma glucose. The prevalence of MS is increasing worldwide and previous studies have shown that MS and CVD are more common in women above 55 years of age in the post menopausal phase. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and adiposity indices as predictors and the related risk factors among Bangladeshi women. Material & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study and was conducted in the Outpatient departments of Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from May, 2022 to October, 2022. There was total 300 women (150 Premenopausal & 150 Postmenopausal) in our study. Fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure and relevant adiposity indices (BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR &VAI) were determined using standard protocols. To analyze the correlation of WC,WHR, WHtR, BMI and VAI with MS Spearmann test was used. Results: Metabolic syndrome was presented in 61.58% respondents and it was more prevalent among postmenopausal (69.09 %) as compared to premenopausal (51.25 %) women. Prevalence of high blood pressure, elevated fasting blood glucose, and high triglyceride were significantly higher in postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. However, prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower in postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. Conclusion: In our study we found a high prevalence of MS in post-menopausal women which was significantly higher than pre-menopausal women. Low HDL cholesterol, elevated fasting blood glucose, and high blood pressures were the most frequent features in comparison to the others.

The Relationship between Bone Mineral Densitometry and Visceral Adiposity Index in Postmenopausal Women / A relação entre a densitometria mineral óssea e o índice de adiposidade visceral em mulheres na pós-menopausa

Abstract Objective It was aimed to compare visceral adiposity index (VAI) levels in patients with normal bone mineral density (BMD), osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Methods One hundred twenty postmenopausal women (40 with normal BMD, 40 with osteopenia, and 40 with osteoporosis) between the ages of 50 to 70 years were included in the study. For females, the VAI was calculated using the formula (waist circumference [WC]/[36.58 + (1.89 x body mass index (BMI))]) x (1.52/High-density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol [mmol/L]) x (triglyceride [TG]/0.81 [mmol/L]). Results The time of menopause from the beginning was similar in all groups. Waist circumference was found to be higher in those with normal BMD than in the osteopenic and osteoporotic groups (p = 0.018 and p < 0.001, respectively), and it was also higher in the osteopenic group than in the osteoporotic group (p = 0.003). Height and body weight, BMI, blood pressure, insulin, glucose, HDL-cholesterol, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were similar in all groups. Triglyceride levels were found to be higher in the normal BMD group, compared with the osteoporotic group (p = 0.005). The level of VAI was detected as higher in those with normal BMD, compared with the women with osteoporosis (p = 0.002). Additionally, the correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) spine T-scores, WC, VAI, and a negative correlation between DXA spine T-scores and age. Conclusion In our study, we found higher VAI levels in those with normal BMD, compared with women with osteoporosis. We consider that further studies with a larger sample size will be beneficial in elucidating the entity.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo foi comparar os níveis de índice de adiposidade visceral (IVA) em pacientes com densidade mineral óssea (DMO) normal osteopenia e osteoporose. Métodos Cento e vinte mulheres na pós-menopausa (40 com DMO normal 40 com osteopenia e 40 com osteoporose) com idades entre 50 e 70 anos foram incluídas no estudo. Para o sexo feminino o VAI foi calculado pela fórmula (circunferência da cintura [CC]/[36 58 + (1 89 x índice de massa corporal (IMC))]) x (1 52/lipoproteína de alta densidade [HDL]-colesterol [mmol/L]) x (triglicerídeo [TG]/0 81 [mmol/L]). Resultados O tempo de menopausa desde o início foi semelhante em todos os grupos. A circunferência da cintura foi maior naqueles com DMO normal do que nos grupos osteopênicos e osteoporóticos (p = 0 018 e p < 0 001 respectivamente) e também foi maior no grupo osteopênico do que no grupo osteoporótico (p = 0 003) . Altura e peso corporal IMC pressão arterial insulina glicose HDL-colesterol e os níveis de avaliação do modelo de homeostase-resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR) foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. Os níveis de triglicerídeos foram maiores no grupo DMO normal em comparação com o grupo osteoporótico (p = 0 005). O nível de VAI foi detectado como maior naquelas com DMO normal em comparação com as mulheres com osteoporose (p = 0 002). Além disso a análise de correlação mostrou uma correlação positiva entre a absorciometria de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA) nas pontuações T da coluna CC VAI e uma correlação negativa entre as pontuações T da coluna DXA e a idade. Conclusão Em nosso estudo encontramos níveis mais elevados de VAI naquelas com DMO normal em comparação com mulheres com osteoporose. Consideramos que novos estudos com maior tamanho amostral serão benéficos na elucidação da entidade.

The effect of liraglutide combined with metformin on the effect of short-term insulin pump intensive therapy in overweight and obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and the effect on pancreatic islets / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of liraglutide combined with metformin on overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after short-term intensive insulin pump therapy.Methods:A total of 80 overweight and obese patients with T2DM admitted to Ningguo People′s Hospital from November 2018 to December 2020 were selected as the research subjects. After 1 week of intensive insulin pump therapy, they were divided into two groups according to the random number table method. The observation group received liraglutide combined with metformin therapy, the control group received metformin combined with sitagliptin therapy, both for 16 weeks. The blood glucose, blood lipids, body weight and other indicators were compared between the two groups after treatment. The occurrence of adverse drug reactions in the two groups was compared.Results:The levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c) in the observation group after treatment were lower than those in the control group :(5.14 ± 0.54) mmol/L vs. (5.92 ± 0.71) mmol/L, (5.91 ± 0.83) mmol/L vs. (6.84 ± 0.92) mmol/L, (5.33 ± 0.57)% vs. (6.30 ± 0.82)%, there were statistical differnces ( P<0.05). The triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels had no significant differences ( P>0.05). After treatment, the islet beta cell function index (HOMA-β) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in the observation group were higher than those in the control group: 26.84 ± 3.32 vs. 22.15 ± 3.11, -3.84 ± 0.17 vs. -4.09 ± 0.20, and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was lower than that in the control group: 2.01 ± 0.17 vs. 2.64 ± 0.21, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). After treatment, the waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and hip-to-waist ratio in the observation group were lower than those in the control group: (95.10 ± 4.08) cm vs. (97.14 ± 4.48) cm, (24.33 ± 1.62) kg/m 2 vs. (26.15 ± 1.40) kg/m 2, 0.89 ± 0.11 vs. 1.11 ± 0.20, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse drug reactions between the two groups during treatment ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Liraglutide combined with metformin has better clinical effect on overweight and obese T2DM patients after short-term intensive insulin pump therapy, and can better improve their pancreatic islet function.

Visceral adiposity indices and cardiometabolic risk markers in patients with hypertension

Abstract Objective: Arterial hypertension (AH) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We sought to evaluate the association between two adiposity indices (visceral adiposity index [VAI] and lipid accumulation product [LAP]) with traditional markers of cardiometabolic risk in hypertensive patients. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 1,273 subjects with hypertension treated as outpatients at a university hospital. The VAI and LAP were calculated using formulas stratified by sex. Cardiometabolic risk variables were considered: overweight, risk for waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHA), and altered biochemical test values. The predictive effect of independent variables on outcomes was assessed by multivariate linear regression analysis. There was statistical significance when p ≤ 0.05. Results: Higher cardiometabolic risk (according to BMI, WHR, WHA, and altered biochemical parameters) was associated with higher values of VAI and LAP with statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05). The regression models used explained 30.7% and 10.5% of the changes in LAP and VAI, respectively. Conclusion: LAP and VAI are associated with cardiometabolic risk parameters in the individuals evaluated, suggesting that these indices can be used to screen for CVD risk in individuals with AH.

DNA methylation analysis identifies key transcription factors involved in mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation

BACKGROUND: Knowledge about regulating transcription factors (TFs) for osteoblastogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is limited. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between genomic regions subject to DNA-methylation changes during osteoblastogenesis and the TFs known to directly interact with these regulatory regions. RESULTS: The genome-wide DNA-methylation signature of MSCs differentiated to osteoblasts and adipocytes was determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. During adipogenesis no CpGs passed our test for significant methylation changes. Oppositely, during osteoblastogenesis we identified 2462 differently significantly methylated CpGs (adj. p < 0.05). These resided outside of CpGs islands and were significantly enriched in enhancer regions. We confirmed the correlation between DNA-methylation and gene expression. Accordingly, we developed a bioinformatic tool to analyse differentially methylated regions and the TFs interacting with them. By overlaying our osteoblastogenesis differentially methylated regions with ENCODE TF ChIP-seq data we obtained a set of candidate TFs associated to DNA-methylation changes. Among them, ZEB1 TF was highly related with DNA-methylation. Using RNA interference, we confirmed that ZEB1, and ZEB2, played a key role in adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis processes. For clinical relevance, ZEB1 mRNA expression in human bone samples was evaluated. This expression positively correlated with weight, body mass index, and PPARγ expression. CONCLUSIONS: In this work we describe an osteoblastogenesis-associated DNA-methylation profile and, using these data, validate a novel computational tool to identify key TFs associated to age-related disease processes. By means of this tool we identified and confirmed ZEB TFs as mediators involved in the MSCs differentiation to osteoblasts and adipocytes, and obesity-related bone adiposity.

Estimation of fat mass in Southern Brazilian female adolescents: development and validation of mathematical models / Estimativa da massa gorda em adolescentes do sexo feminino do sul do Brasil: desenvolvimento e validação de modelos matemáticos

abstract This study aimed to develop and validate the first mathematical models, based on anthropometric properties, to estimate fat mass (FM) in a heterogeneous sample of female adolescents. A cross-sectional and quantitative study conducted with 196 individuals aged 12 to 17 years from the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: regression sample (n = 169) and validation sample (n = 27). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used as the reference method to determine body fat in relative and absolute values. Stature, body mass, waist girth and triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf skinfold thickness were defined as independent variables and measured according to an international technical protocol. Statistical analyzes used the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model, paired t test and Pearson correlation. Four multivariate mathematical models with high determination coefficients (R2 ≥90%) and low estimated standard errors (SEE = ≤2.02 kg) were developed. Model 4 stands out for its low number of independent variables and significant statistical performance (R2 = 90%; SEE = 1.92 kg). It is concluded that the four mathematical models developed are valid for estimating FM in female adolescents in southern Brazil.

resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar os primeiros modelos matemáticos, baseados em propriedades antropométricas, para estimar a massa gorda (MG) em uma amostra heterogênea de adolescentes do sexo feminino. Estudo transversal e quantitativo conduzido com 196 indivíduos de 12 a 17 anos da região metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: amostra de regressão (n = 169) e amostra de validação (n = 27). A absorciometria de raios X de dupla energia (DXA) foi usada como método de referência para determinar a gordura corporal em valores relativos e absolutos. A estatura, a massa corporal, o perímetro da cintura e a espessura das dobras cutâneas do tríceps, subescapular, bíceps, crista ilíaca, abdominal, coxa anterior e panturrilha medial foram definidas como variáveis independentes e mensuradas de acordo com um protocolo técnico internacional. As análises estatísticas utilizaram modelo de regressão Ordinary Least Square (OLS), teste t pareado e correlação de Pearson. Foram desenvolvidos quatro modelos matemáticos multivariados com altos coeficientes de determinação (R2 ≥90%) e baixos erros padrão estimados (SEE = ≤2,02 kg). O modelo 4 destaca-se pelo baixo número de variáveis independentes e desempenho estatístico significativo (R2 = 90%; SEE = 1,92 kg). Conclui-se que os quatro modelos matemáticos desenvolvidos são válidos para estimar a MG em adolescentes do sexo feminino do sul do Brasil

Dietary amino acids and anthropometric indices: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

ABSTRACT Objective: Recent studies investigated the role of amino acids (AAs) in weight management. We aimed to determine the association between AAs and three-year change of anthropometric indices and incident obesity. Materials and methods: Height, weight, hip, and waist circumference (WC) were collected at baseline and follow up. Three-year changes in anthropometric indices and obesity incident according to body mass index (BMI) (overweight & obesity) and WC cutoffs (obesity-WC) were ascertained. Dietary intakes of AAs were collected at baseline, using a food frequency questionnaire. Data analyses were conducted on 4976 adult participants and two subsamples, including 1,570 and 2,918 subjects, for assessing the AAs relationship with 3-year changes on anthropometric indices and obesity incident. Results: Lysine and aspartic acid were positively associated with higher weight change, whereas acidic AAs, cysteine, and glutamic acid showed a negative correlation with weight change. Furthermore, a weak positive correlation was shown for alkaline AAs, lysine, and valine with WC; however, acidic AAs, tryptophan, cysteine, and glutamic acid were negatively associated with WC. Aromatic and acidic AAs also demonstrated a weak negative relation with changes in BAI. Phenylalanine and Aromatic AAs showed a negative association with overweight &obesity incidence adjusting for potential confounders. Each quartile increases the dietary lysine, arginine, alanine, methionine, aspartic acid, and alkaline AAs related to a greater risk of obesity-WC, while tryptophan, glutamic acid, proline, and acidic AAs associated with lower obesity-WC risk. Conclusion: Our results suggested that certain dietary AAs may potentially change anthropometric indices and risk of obesity incident.

Pinch size can affect the skinfold thickness measurement and interfere in the estimation and classification of body adiposity / O tamanho da pinça pode afetar a medida de espessura das dobras cutâneas e interferir na estimativa e classificação da adiposidade corporal

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the effect of pinch size on skinfold thickness measurement and the consequent interference in the estimation and classification of body adiposity components. Cross-sectional and quantitative study carried out with a sample of 29 subjects recruited from a university in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Four measurement steps were performed at each site of the eight chosen skinfolds. The first step was performed with a subjective-landmark and the three subsequent steps with fixed-landmarks defined with an expanding secondary line at 2 cm intervals. Body adiposity components were determined from the skinfold thickness measured at each landmark. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bland-Altman agreement analysis were applied. The subjective-landmark was chosen as the dependent variable. The 6 cm-landmark showed similarity and statistical agreement with the subjective-landmark for all skinfolds except the thigh, and with the sums of five and eight skinfolds. All fixed-landmarks showed agreement below the cut-off point for the percentile classification of subcutaneous adiposity and normative relative body fat. Variation in pinch size is an important source of TEM that can affect the reproducibility of skinfold thickness measurements and interfere in the estimation and classification of the molecular and tissue component of body adiposity.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito do tamanho da pinça na medida de espessura das dobras cutâneas e a consequente interferência na estimativa e classificação dos componentes da adiposidade corporal. Estudo transversal e quantitativo realizado com amostra de 29 sujeitos recrutados em uma universidade da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Quatro etapas de medição foram realizadas em cada sítio das oito dobras cutâneas escolhidas. A primeira etapa foi realizada com um marco subjetivo e as três etapas subsequentes com marcos fixos definidos com uma linha secundária expansiva em intervalos de 2 cm. Os componentes da adiposidade corporal foram determinados a partir da espessura de dobras cutâneas mensuradas em cada marco. ANOVA de medidas repetidas e análise de concordância de Bland-Altman foram aplicadas. O marco subjetivo foi escolhido como variável dependente. O marco de 6 cm apresentou semelhança e concordância estatística com o marco subjetivo para todas as dobras cutâneas, exceto a coxa, e com as somas de cinco e oito espessuras de dobras cutâneas. Todos os marcos fixos mostraram concordância abaixo do ponto de corte para a classificação percentílica de adiposidade subcutânea e gordura corporal relativa normativa. A variação no tamanho da pinça é uma importante fonte de ETM que pode afetar a reprodutibilidade de medida de espessura das dobras cutâneas e interferir na confiabilidade da estimativa e classificação do componente molecular e tecidual da adiposidade corporal.

Comparison of body composition using body mass index, body fat percentage (bioimpedance), waist circumference, hip circumference, and somatotyping across complete glycemic spectrum

Background: The association between adiposity and diabetes has been widely assessed using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR), whereas these variables are inadequate to differentiate between muscle mass, fat mass, and bone mass. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the present study is to assess the somatotype pattern (subcutaneous fat mass distribution) and body fat percentage (%) in complete glycemic spectrum. Materials and Methods: Skinfold thickness, BMI, WC, hip circumference (HC), and WHR were measured in normoglycemic non-first-degree relatives of diabetes (Group 1), normoglycemic first-degree relatives of diabetes (Group 2), prediabetes (Group 3), and type 2 diabetes patients (Group 4). Results: The groups are comparable based on gender distribution, age, height, weight, physical activity, BMI, WC, HC, WHR, and somatotyping. Body fat percentage is significantly high in first-degree relatives of diabetes, prediabetes, and diabetes group as compared to control, in while all other groups are comparable among themselves. Conclusion: Body fat percentage can be considered as a better indicator of metabolic derangement than BMI, WC, HC, WHR, and somatotyping in the complete glycemic spectrum.

Cambios de adiposidad corporal entre la captación del embarazo y el posparto a corto plazo

Introducción: Las acumulaciones excesivas de tejido adiposo, general o regional, constituyen hallazgos de valor clínico en el seguimiento nutricional y cardiometabólico durante la gestación y en el período posparto. Objetivo: Describir los cambios en la adiposidad corporal trascurridos 18 meses después del parto. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de la adiposidad corporal, entre enero 2017 y agosto 2018, en 119 mujeres en el posparto a corto plazo, cuya adiposidad corporal se había estudiado al momento de la captación en el policlínico "Chiqui Gómez Lubián". Resultados: En el posparto con respecto al momento de la captación, se observó una disminución de las mujeres sin adiposidad general de 28,6 % a 21,8 % y de las mujeres con adiposidad general intermedia de 62,2 % a 53,8 %; con un aumento marcado de aquellas con adiposidad general alta de 9,2 % a 24,4 %. Aumentó la cantidad de mujeres con adiposidad central alta de 35,3 % a 43,7 % y disminuyeron las mujeres sin adiposidad central de 64,7 % a 56,3 %. Conclusiones: Evaluar los cambios de la adiposidad corporal por técnicas antropométricas sencillas y de fácil acceso, durante el embarazo y en el posparto a corto plazo, puede ofrecer información de utilidad para una mejor orientación del seguimiento de la salud cardiometabólica de la mujer.

Introduction: Excessive accumulations of adipose tissue, whether general or regional, are findings of clinical value in nutritional and cardiometabolic follow-up during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Objective: To describe the changes in body adiposity at eighteenth months after delivery. Methods: A descriptive and observational study of body adiposity was carried from January 2017 to August 2018 in 119 women in the short-term postpartum period, whose body adiposity had been studied during the first antenatal visit at "Chiqui Gómez Lubián" Polyclinic. Results: In the postpartum period, with respect to the first antenatal visit, a decrease was observed in the number of women without general adiposity (from 28.6 % to 21.8 %) and of women with intermediate general adiposity (from 62.2 % to 53.8 %), with a marked increase in the number of women with high general adiposity (from 9.2 % to 24.4 %). The number of women with high central adiposity increased (from 35.3 % to 43.7 %), while the number of women without central adiposity decreased (from 64.7 % to 56.3 %). Conclusions: To evaluate the changes in body adiposity by simple and easily accessible anthropometric techniques, during pregnancy and in the short-term postpartum period, may provide useful information for designing better the follow-up of cardiometabolic health of women.

A comparative study of sagittal abdominal diameter and other anthropometric indices of obesity in adults with family history of cardiovascular risk factors

Background:Obesity is evolving into a modern day epidemic in India. Visceral Adipose Tissue is the main culprit, being the metabolically active component that is responsible for the cardiovascular risk factors. The day-to-day anthropometric indices fail to take bodycomposition and distribution into account and hence miss a chance at early detection. Family history plays an important role by serving as a genetic link in the transmission of risk factors. There is a need for vigorous screening techniques which are clinically plausible for an early diagnosis of visceral adiposity in individuals predisposed to the numerous risks caused by its accumulation. Sagittal abdominal diameter is a useful tool in measuring the visceral adipose tissue clinically and in the current study; a comparison was done between SAD and already existing anthropometric indices.Methods:The study was done on 223 subjects in Bangalore during the period of November 2015 to May 2017.Among the subjects studied, 54.7% were Male and 45.3% were female. When compared to BMI, WC andWHR, SAD correlated better with total cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, post prandial blood sugar and HbA1c.Results:The mean SAD was more in people with a combined history of DM and HTN than in individuals with history of either DM or HTN alone. Conclusions:We could conclude that Sagittal Abdominal Diameter is comparable to Body Mass Index, but it correlates better with metabolic risk profile of an individual than BMI, WC andWHR.

Asociación del fitness cardiorrespiratorio con marcadores de adiposidad corporal: estudio de corte transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Chile 2016-2017 / Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with adiposity markers

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with metabolic diseases and adiposity markers. Aim: To assess the association of CRF with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and obesity in a representative sample of the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 5,958 participants in the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-1027 aged 15 years or above were analyzed. CRF was estimated by an equation that included sociodemographic, anthropometric and health-related data and expressed in metabolic equivalent units (METs). The association between CRF and adiposity was assessed using linear and Poisson regression models and the results were presented as Prevalence Ratio (PR). RESULTS: One MET increment in CRF was associated with a 3.27 kg/m2 (95% confidence intervals (CI): -3.35; -3.2) and 4.56 kg/m2 (95% CI: -4.67; -4.46) lower BMI in men and women, respectively. Waist circumference was 6.7 cm [95% CI: -6.98; -6.42] and 9 cm [95% CI: -9.33; -8.67] lower per 1-MET increment in CRF. With one MET increment, the probability of being obese was 34% (PR = 0.66 [95%CI: 0.63; 0.69]) and 36% (PR = 0.64 [95%CI: 0.61; 0.67]) lower in men and women, respectively. The probability of having a central obesity was 26% (PR = 0.74 [95%CI: 0.71; 0.77]) and 30% (PR = 0.70 [95%CI: 0.68; 0.73]) lower in men and women, respectively. Conclusions: A higher estimated CRF was associated with lower adiposity levels and a lower risk of being obese in both men and women. Public health policies aiming to increase physical activity are needed to increase the CRF of the Chilean population.

Mitos y realidades sobre la obesidad en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico / Myths and realities about obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome

Introducción: La asociación entre la obesidad y el síndrome de ovario poliquístico es importante porque amplifica los trastornos metabólicos, reproductivos, psicológicos o de la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, es común que se sobrevalore o se emplee como criterio diagnóstico, lo que denota una definición no clara de esta relación. Objetivo: Analizar lo que, en opinión de los autores, pudieran ser "mitos" sobre la obesidad en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico y su coherencia con la evidencia disponible. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión del estado del arte en este tema. Se localizaron 230 artículos en las bases PubMed, Medline, Scielo y Google Académico, y se contrastó con los criterios propios. Conclusiones: Algunas creencias generalizadas sobre la obesidad en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico, aunque tienen cierto grado de certidumbre, se malinterpretan o magnifican, por lo que pueden considerarse "mitos". Entender que las mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico pueden no tener obesidad y, aún así, tener adiposidad abdominal y los efectos que de ella derivan, no niega la evidencia indiscutible de que la obesidad, si está presente, agrava el síndrome. Polemizar sobre el tema pretende contribuir a que se diagnostique el síndrome no solo en mujeres con obesidad y que se considere factor de riesgo para la obesidad. Debe entenderse que la obesidad asociada al síndrome puede revertirse y que se pueden incorporar estilos de vida saludable y un control del peso corporal como pilares del tratamiento en todas las mujeres que padezcan este(AU)

Introduction: The association between obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome is important because it amplifies metabolic, reproductive, psychological, or quality of life disorders. However, it is commonly overestimated or used as a diagnostic criterion, which denotes an unclear definition of this relationship. Objective: To analyze what, in the authors' opinion, could be "myths" about obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome and their consistency with the available evidence. Methods: A state-of-the-art review on this subject was performed and contrasted with own criteria. Conclusions: Some widespread beliefs about obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome, although they have some degree of certainty, are misinterpreted or magnified, so they can be considered "myths". Understanding that the patients may not suffer from obesity and still have abdominal adiposity and the effects that derive from it, does not deny the indisputable evidence that, if present, it aggravates the syndrome. Discussing the subject intends to contribute to diagnose the syndrome not only in women with obesity. The aim is to consider it as a risk factor for obesity and to prevent it, to understand that obesity can be reversed, and to incorporate counseling on healthy lifestyles and body weight control as pillars of treatment in all women with the syndrome, with or without obesity(AU)

Poor Trunk Flexibility is Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Poor flexibility is a predictor of reduced physical activity. The association between trunk flexibility and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) is not well understood. Objective: To identify the prevalence of CVRFs and their association with trunk flexibility in individuals participating in a community-based health education program. Methods: Volunteers (51 men, 48 women) aged 20-85 years old, participants in a community-based health education program in the city of Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil, were selected for this study. Anthropometric measures including body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist/height ratio (WHtR) were evaluated. Physical activity level was evaluated based on leisure activity participation, and trunk flexibility was evaluated by the sit and reach test. Data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test; Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact and Student t tests were performed for comparisons. To analyze the association between trunk flexibility and concomitant CVRFs, Spearman's correlation test and linear regression were employed. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: 7.2% of the volunteers had no CVRF, 10.3% had only one CVRF and 82.5% had two or more CVRFs, with no differences between sexes. Increased abdominal adiposity, as assessed by WHtR (p = 0.0097), and systemic arterial hypertension (p = 0.0003) were the most prevalent CVRFs, with differences between age groups. A strong negative correlation was found between mean trunk flexibility and the number of concomitant CVRFs (r = -0.96, p < 0.0028). Conclusion: The strong negative correlation between trunk flexibility and concomitant CVRF indicates an increased risk for cardiovascular events. Therefore, trunk flexibility measurement may be an additional tool for health promotion and prevention of cardiovascular and associated diseases in community health programs.